Tackling Urban Housing Deficit Through Supply-Side Reforms—Knight Frank India, a leading real estate consultancy in the country, in association with the National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO), highlighted the critical supply challenges in India’s affordable housing sector. According to the report, the supply-to-demand ratio for affordable housing across the top 8 cities has plummeted to 0.36 in 2025 (until June), down from 1.05 in 2019, signalling a significant undersupply in the segment. This shift marks a turning point from the years when developers launched more affordable housing units than were sold, driven by schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). In contrast, 2025 data show launches have collapsed to barely a third of sales, underscoring a deepening imbalance that threatens to impact housing affordability and limit buyer choice.
Demand Policies Help, but Supply Remains a Bottleneck
Over the past decade, policy interventions such as PMAY, Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs), and tax benefits have provided critical support to homebuyers. These measures improved affordability and expanded access to credit for economically weaker sections and low-income groups. However, the report finds that supply continues to lag demand as developers face mounting challenges including high land costs, limited access to construction finance, regulatory delays, and inadequate infrastructure in peripheral urban zones.
Shishir Baijal, Chairman and Managing Director, Knight Frank India, said, “Affordable housing is not only a social priority but also an economic necessity. As India urbanizes rapidly, the imbalance between supply and demand in this segment poses significant risks to inclusive growth. While policy support on the demand side has been commendable, there is a pressing need to address supply-side barriers. Encouraging private sector participation through innovative financing, faster approvals, and land availability will be critical to bridging the gap and ensuring that every Indian has access to dignified housing.”
Mr G Hari Babu, President, NAREDCO, said, “At the 17th NAREDCO National Convention, the Knight Frank & NAREDCO report has once again underlined the scale of India’s affordable housing challenge—a deficit of 9.4 million units that could rise to 30 million by 2030. The fact that new supply in this segment has dropped sharply while demand continues to grow is a matter of concern. Limited private investment further widens the gap. This Convention is the right platform to call for bold supply-side reforms—unlocking PSU land for housing, rationalising FSI norms, and enabling subsidised construction finance. These measures can restore affordability, attract private participation, and ensure that affordable housing becomes the real engine of inclusive urban growth in India.”
Affordable Urban Housing Deficit to Reach 30 mn Units by 2030
India’s existing affordable urban housing shortage is estimated at 9.4 mn units, with demand expected to rise sharply as urbanization accelerates. By 2030, cumulative affordable housing demand (including EWS, LIG, and MIG households) is projected to reach 30 mn units.
The ratio highlights a dramatic collapse in new launches, falling to nearly a third of sales in 2025. This shortfall, combined with incremental affordable housing demand of 20.7 mn units by 2030, will push total affordable housing needs to 30 mn units, of which 79% will be concentrated in EWS and LIG households.
Launches Lag Sales in Affordable Housing
The report points to a sharp imbalance between sales and launches. India’s affordable housing sector faces persistent challenges in expanding supply to keep pace with the country’s fast-growing urban population. Although policy initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs) have laid the groundwork, the actual construction and delivery of affordable homes remain far from adequate.
In 2025 (Until June), the share of affordable housing, i.e. value of housing units priced under INR 5 mn stood at 17%, a sharp decline from 52.4% in 2018. Thus, indicating decline in affordable housing supply in Indian cities. The receding number of launches in the affordable housing units is primarily attributed to the bottlenecks hindering private participation.
Gulam Zia, Senior Executive Director–Advisory, Valuation, and Research, Knight Frank India, said, “The sharp decline in the new supply-to-demand ratio from 1.05 in 2019 to 0.36 in 2025 demonstrates the urgent need for structural reforms. High land costs, inadequate institutional investments, and infrastructure deficits in peripheral locations continue to restrict developer participation. Without targeted incentives and financing mechanisms, affordable housing will remain underserved. Addressing these gaps can unlock private investment and create a sustainable ecosystem for the segment.”
The report emphasises that unlocking affordable housing supply will require bold reforms and collaborative efforts among government, developers, financial institutions, and civil society. It recommends repurposing vacant PSU lands for affordable housing through public-private partnerships, increasing the free floor space index (FSI) to boost supply and reduce costs, and providing subsidized construction finance to developers, drawing on successful global models. Project viability and attracting greater institutional capital is also seen as critical.
Together, these measures can create an enabling ecosystem where private participation becomes financially feasible, ensuring that affordable housing supply not only meets the growing demand but also supports India’s long-term vision of inclusive and sustainable urban development.
India’s affordable housing challenge is not insurmountable. With policy alignment, innovative financing, and greater private participation, the sector has the potential to not only meet housing demand but also create more equitable, resilient, and inclusive cities.
